PYY and NPY: control of gastric motility via action on Y1 and Y2 receptors in the DVC

The pancreatic polypeptide family of hormones and neurotransmitters including pancreatic polypeptide (PP), peptide YY (PYY) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are emerging as potent central regulators of gastric function. There is, however, considerable debate concerning the mechanisms and even the direction of effects mediated by these peptides. Good evidence exists showing that PYY is the ‘enterogastrone’ released by the ileum after feeding which acts on vagal reflex control circuits to reduce gastric motility (i.e. the ‘ileal brake’). However, equally convincing evidence is available to suggest that PYY and its close structural relative NPY may act in the same region of the brain to increase gastric motility through vagal mechanisms. We hypothesize that the confounding observations are due to agonist effects on two different receptor types – Y1 and Y2, which are both present in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) but may be accessed differentially by peripheral humoral (PYY) vs central (NPY) pathways. In our initial approach to this problem, we studied the effects of NPY, PYY, Y1 and Y2 agonists microinjected into the DVC on gastric motility in the stimulated (by central thyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH)) and basal conditions. Our results show that Y2 agonist applied to the DVC during conditions of TRH‐stimulated gastric motility mimicked the suppressive effects of PYY applied under the same conditions. Under basal conditions, Y2 agonist has no effect on motility. The DVC effect of the Y1 agonist is the opposite; Y1 agonist has no further effect to stimulate gastric motility in the TRH stimulated condition while Y1 agonist strongly stimulates motility from the basal condition. The effects of NPY depend upon the condition of study. Under TRH stimulation (maximal motility), NPY in the DVC reduces (but does not completely suppress) gastric motility while in the basal state, NPY is a strong activator of motility. These results are discussed in terms of the possible differential localization of Y1 vs Y2 receptors within the DVC and in terms of recent findings suggesting that PYY is rapidly converted to a Y2 agonist by a ubiquitous dipeptidyl aminopeptidase (DAP‐IV).