Agent-Based Modeling of Pedestrian Crossing Behavior in Commercial Streets: Seven Actionable Strategies for Safe and Sustainable Urban Mobility

Despite extensive research on sustainable urban mobility, non-designated crossings remain underexplored, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where they are highly prevalent. This study applies agent-based simulation to analyze pedestrian crossing behavior in commercial streets. We adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining video recordings, field observations, and structured questionnaires to capture physical conditions and user perceptions in a case in Cairo. The collected data were spatially analyzed using a Geographic Information System (GIS) to identify key spatial and behavioral variables influencing crossing decisions. These variables were then incorporated into an Agent-Based Model developed using the GAMA platform to simulate pedestrian–vehicle interactions. The simulation assessed pedestrian flow, non-designated crossing rates, average vehicle speed, and traffic volume. Results indicate strong relationships between pedestrian flow and non-designated crossings, and moderate associations between increased pedestrian activity and reduced vehicle speeds, while traffic volume shows weak correlations with pedestrian-related indicators. The model reveals distinct patterns of pedestrian crossing behavior, shaped by street configuration and traffic dynamics, and highlights critical risk points in commercial streets. Based on these findings, the study proposes seven actionable strategies to enhance pedestrian safety while supporting a more sustainable urban mobility.