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The current state of mycotoxin biomarker development in humans and animals and the potential for application to plant systems
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Filamentous fungi that contaminate livestock feeds and human food supply often produce toxigenic secondary
metabolites known as mycotoxins. Among the hundreds of known mycotoxins, aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins,
ochratoxin A and zearalenone are considered the most commercially important. Intense research on these mycotoxins,
especially aflatoxin, has resulted in the development of 'biomarkers' used to link exposure to disease risk. In the
case of aflatoxin this effort has led to the discovery of both exposure and mechanism-based biomarkers, which have
proven essential for understanding aflatoxin's potential for causing disease in humans, including subtle effects on
growth and immune response. Fumonisin biomarkers have also been used extensively in farm and laboratory animals
to study the fumonisin-induced disruption of cellular and systemic physiology which leads to disease. This review
summarises the status of mycotoxin biomarker development in humans and animals for the commercially important
mycotoxins. Since the fungi responsible for the production of these mycotoxins are often endophytes that infect
and colonise living plant tissues, accumulation of mycotoxins in the plant tissues may at times be associated with
development of plant disease symptoms. The presence of mycotoxins, even in the absence of disease symptoms,
may still have subtle biological effects on the physiology of plants. This review examines the question of whether or
not the knowledge gained from mechanistic studies and development of biomarkers in animal and human systems
is transferable to the study of mycotoxin effects on plant systems. Thus far, fumonisin has proven amenable to
development of mechanism-based biomarkers to study maize seedling disease caused by the fumonisin producer,
Fusarium verticillioides. Expanding our knowledge of mechanisms of toxicity and the overt and subtle effects on
animal, human, and plant systems through the identification and validation of biomarkers will further our ability
to monitor and limit the damage and economic impact of mycotoxins.
Walter de Gruyter GmbH
Title: The current state of mycotoxin biomarker development in humans and animals and the potential for application to plant systems
Description:
Filamentous fungi that contaminate livestock feeds and human food supply often produce toxigenic secondary
metabolites known as mycotoxins.
Among the hundreds of known mycotoxins, aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, fumonisins,
ochratoxin A and zearalenone are considered the most commercially important.
Intense research on these mycotoxins,
especially aflatoxin, has resulted in the development of 'biomarkers' used to link exposure to disease risk.
In the
case of aflatoxin this effort has led to the discovery of both exposure and mechanism-based biomarkers, which have
proven essential for understanding aflatoxin's potential for causing disease in humans, including subtle effects on
growth and immune response.
Fumonisin biomarkers have also been used extensively in farm and laboratory animals
to study the fumonisin-induced disruption of cellular and systemic physiology which leads to disease.
This review
summarises the status of mycotoxin biomarker development in humans and animals for the commercially important
mycotoxins.
Since the fungi responsible for the production of these mycotoxins are often endophytes that infect
and colonise living plant tissues, accumulation of mycotoxins in the plant tissues may at times be associated with
development of plant disease symptoms.
The presence of mycotoxins, even in the absence of disease symptoms,
may still have subtle biological effects on the physiology of plants.
This review examines the question of whether or
not the knowledge gained from mechanistic studies and development of biomarkers in animal and human systems
is transferable to the study of mycotoxin effects on plant systems.
Thus far, fumonisin has proven amenable to
development of mechanism-based biomarkers to study maize seedling disease caused by the fumonisin producer,
Fusarium verticillioides.
Expanding our knowledge of mechanisms of toxicity and the overt and subtle effects on
animal, human, and plant systems through the identification and validation of biomarkers will further our ability
to monitor and limit the damage and economic impact of mycotoxins.
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