Banter reframed

Abstract This article discusses banter by combining insights from previous work on pragmatics and discourse with recent developments in figurative language use within Cognitive Linguistics. Drawing on an initial corpus of examples from TV series scripts, this study connects observed usage patterns to prior conversational work on banter types. It then accounts for these patterns through an examination of their pragmatic functions and of such cognitive operations as echoing and contrast, which cooperate with well-known discourse-oriented cognitive mechanisms like frameshifting and reframing. Banter is pragmatically defined in terms of pretended impoliteness and speaker’s pretended distancing from pre-established assumptions in what has been termed second-order dissociation. This phenomenon is revisited here through the lens of cognitive modeling, highlighting its role in humor creation and relational bonding. This characteristic is analytically related to the previous usage patterns and their cognitive motivation. Finally, a distinction is introduced between attribute-based and scenario-based banter. The former is further subdivided, according to communicative function, into other-directed, self-directed, and mixed banter. The latter involves mental simulations of pretendedly disparaging humor, where participants either contribute to the simulation or try to outdo one another. This classification improves on earlier taxonomies by grounding banter types in identifiable cognitive-pragmatic patterns, offering a more systematic and explanatory account of the phenomenon.