Determinative polypredicative constructions in the Khakass language

In the Khakass language, modifying constructions tend to incorporate nonfinite forms as dependent predicates. The dependent modifier precedes the main part of the whole phrase. Prototypical modifying constructions are represented by models with relativization of the core units of the modifying system: subject, object, localizer, and possessor. The subject relativization models are characterized by the absence of the subject position in the dependent predicative unit (DPU). The object, localizer, or possessor relativization models feature the presence of the subject position of the DPU. The dependent predicate is represented by nonfinite forms of the present (on =chatkhan), present-future (on =han), past (on =gan), and future (on =ar). Khakass modifying constructions are formed from analytical bifinite constructions where conjunctive words connect the main and dependent parts. Such sentences, commonly found in translated, poetic, and paremic texts, are rarely used in the spoken language. In terms of semantics, the structures under study can be divided into explanatory-modifying, restrictive-modifying, and circumstantial-modifying phrases. The explanatorymodifying phrases follow three models, with the connection between the noun being modified and the modifying DPU performed by the adverbial participle of the verb tip combined with the words being modified, by the causative, and by the conjunctionless connection. In the restrictive-modifying phrases, the nature of semantic relations between the DPU and the main predicative unit (MPU) is strongly connected with the noun being defined. The circumstantial-modifying phrases are based mainly on the models of Russian compound sentences with a modifying clause, with MPU structurally occupying always a prepositive position.