Cryptochrome Expression in Avian UV Cones: Revisiting the Role of Cry1 As Magnetoreceptor

Abstract Cryptochromes (Cry) have been proposed as putative magnetoreceptors in vertebrates. Localisation of Cry1 in the UV cones in the retinas of birds suggested that it could be the candidate magnetoreceptor. However, recent findings argue against this possibility. Cry1 is a type II cryptochrome, a subtype of cryptochromes that may not be inherently photosensitive, and it exhibits a clear circadian expression in the retinas of birds. Here, we reassessed the localization and distribution of Cry1 in the retina of the zebra finch. Zebra finches have a light-dependent magnetic compass based on a radical-pair mechanism, similar to migratory birds. We found that Cry1 colocalized with the UV/V opsin (SWS1) in the outer segments of UV cones, but restricted to the tip of the segments. Cry1 was expressed in all UV cones across the entire retina, with the highest densities near the fovea. Pre-exposure of birds to different wavelengths of light did not result in any difference in Cry1 expression, suggesting that Cry1 did not undergo any detectable functional changes as result of light activation. Considering that Cry1 is likely not involved in magnetoreception, our findings open the possibility for an involvement in different, yet undetermined functions in the avian UV/V cones.