Applications of Geosynthetics in Tunnels Construction: A Sustainable Approach to Carbon Footprint Reduction

The use of geosynthetics has transformed tunnelling practices by enhancing structural integrity, durability, and environmental sustainability. This review adopts a systematic literature review design, covering publications from 2000 to 2025 sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The selected studies were screened based on relevance, quality, and focus on tunnelling applications, then thematically analyzed into four domains: geosynthetic types, applications, sustainability, and performance evaluation. This review focuses on the applications of various geosynthetics, including geotextiles, geogrids, geocomposites, geocells, and geomembranes, in tunnelling projects. These materials play crucial roles in reinforcing tunnel walls and slopes, improving load distribution, and controlling deformation. Additionally, geosynthetics contribute to effective drainage and filtration, reducing water-related hazards and preventing soil erosion, while geomembranes offer protection against water ingress, chemical exposure, and abrasive damage. The integration of geosynthetics supports safer construction and extends the service life of tunnels. Selecting appropriate geosynthetics based on project-specific conditions, such as soil type and environmental factors, is essential for optimal results. While their benefits are substantial, challenges like maintaining performance under harsh conditions and ensuring proper installation require attention. Ongoing research and field studies are needed to advance understanding and improve practices. The future of tunnelling engineering will benefit from innovations in bio-based and smart geosynthetics, promising greater adaptability, sustainability, and efficiency. Overall, the strategic use of geosynthetics is pivotal in modern tunnelling, offering solutions that align with the demands of safety, performance, and environmental responsibility.