Altered expression of miR-125a and dysregulated cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus: Unveiling diagnostic and prognostic markers

BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder impacting multiple organs, influenced by genetic factors, especially those related to the immune system. However, there is a need for new biomarkers in SLE. MicroRNA-125a (miR-125a) levels are decreased in T cells, B cells, and dendritic cells of SLE patients. MiR-125a plays a regulatory role in controlling the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 12 (IL-12), which are crucial pro-inflammatory cytokines in SLE pathogenesis. AIM To assess the levels of miR-125a, IL-12, and TNF-α in SLE patients’ plasma, evaluating their diagnostic and prognostic value. METHODS The study included 100 healthy individuals, 50 newly diagnosed (ND), and 50 SLE patients undergoing treatment. The patients were monitored for a duration of 24 wk to observe and record instances of relapses. MiR-125a expression was measured using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, while ELISA kits were used to assess IL-12 and TNF-α production. RESULTS The results showed significantly reduced miR-125a expression in SLE patients compared to healthy individuals, with the lowest levels in ND patients. TNF-α and IL-12 expression levels were significantly elevated in SLE patients, especially in the early stages of the disease. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses, and Cox-Mantel Log-rank tests indicated miR-125a, TNF-α, and IL-12 as proper diagnostic biomarkers for SLE. A negative correlation was found between plasma miR-125a expression and IL-12/TNF-α levels in SLE patients. CONCLUSION Decreased miR-125a levels may be involved in the development of SLE, while elevated levels of IL-12 and TNF-α contribute to immune dysregulation. These findings offer new diagnostic and prognostic markers for SLE. Moreover, the negative correlation observed suggests an interaction between miR-125a, TNF-α, and IL-12. Further research is necessary to uncover the underlying mechanisms that govern these relationships.