Impact of improper solid waste disposal practices on environmental and public health in the urban fringe of Jaffna

Solid waste disposal poses a major threat to the environment and public health in developing countries, as most waste is directly dumped in open areas. In the urban fringe of Jaffna, Sri Lanka, rapid population growth and changing lifestyles have led to a sharp increase in domestic waste generation. This study investigates the impacts of improper solid waste disposal practices in the Nallur Pradeshiya Sabha area, located on Jaffna’s urban–rural boundary. A descriptive statistical method was applied, with primary data collected through 50 household surveys using simple random sampling, field observations, photography, and interviews with local officials and public health inspectors. Improper disposal locations were identified using GPS technology and mapped with Google Earth Pro. Secondary data, including health records from the Medical Officer of Health (MOH), were also analyzed. Data analysis in MS Excel (2021) generated descriptive statistics, percentages, charts, and graphs, while qualitative findings were systematically coded and integrated with quantitative results. Results, presented through descriptive statistics, graphical illustrations, and GPS-based maps, indicate that common disposal practices dumping in public places, backyard burning, and discarding waste on streets or into inland water bodies persist despite regulations. Twenty-nine major improper disposal sites were identified, and most households generate considerable unmanaged waste. These practices have caused serious environmental consequences, including soil contamination, air pollution from burning plastics, and water pollution from blocked drains and seasonal pond dumping. Health impacts include increased cases of dengue, respiratory illnesses, and waterborne diseases. Institutional challenges, such as an overburdened composting facility, insufficient manpower, and transportation constraints, further hinder effective waste management. The study recommends improving collection services, promoting household-level segregation and composting, upgrading existing facilities, enhancing community awareness, enforcing stricter regulations, and strengthening inter-governmental coordination. By providing evidence-based insights, this research contributes to sustainable, community-driven waste management strategies for Jaffna’s urban fringe and offers a model for other developing urban regions facing similar challenges.