The Role of Learning Motivation on Participation and Effectiveness of Physical Education Learning in Elementary Schools: A Systematic Review

Learning motivation is a key psychological factor that influences the level of participation and effectiveness of Physical Education, Sports, and Health learning in elementary schools. Various empirical studies have shown that low learning motivation results in minimal active student involvement, low mastery of motor skills, and failure to achieve optimal learning objectives. This study aims to synthesize empirical findings related to the forms of elementary school students' learning motivation, the factors that influence it, and its impact on participation and effectiveness of Physical Education learning in the 2018–2025 period. The method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with reference to the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Data analysis was carried out using thematic synthesis techniques by grouping findings into three main themes, namely forms of learning motivation, factors that influence motivation, and the impact of motivation on Physical Education learning. The results of the study indicate that student learning motivation consists of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, with intrinsic motivation proven to be more dominant and sustainable in encouraging active participation and learning effectiveness. Internal factors such as interest, self-confidence, and perceived competence, as well as external factors such as learning methods, teacher support, and the learning environment, play a significant role in shaping students' learning motivation. This study concludes that learning motivation plays a major role in the success of Physical Education learning in elementary schools and recommends the implementation of innovative, varied, and student-centered learning strategies, as well as the development of further research related to motivation-based pedagogical approaches.