Cognitive effort investment: Does disposition become action?

Contrary to the law of less work, individuals with high levels of need for cognition and self-control tend to choose harder tasks more often. While both traits can be integrated into a core construct of cognitive effort investment, the processes underlying this tendency remain unclear. A plausible explanation is that these individuals intend to avoid the feeling of boredom during easy tasks. If this were the case, they would be less likely to increase their effort based on expected payoff, but rather based on increasing demand. In the present study, we measured actual effort investment on multiple dimensions, i.e., subjective load, reaction time, accuracy, early and late frontal midline theta power, N2 and P3 amplitude, and pupil dilation. In a sample of N = 148 participants, we examined the relationship of dispositional cognitive effort investment and effort indices during a flanker and an n-back task with varying demand and payoff. In both tasks, effort indices were sensitive to demand and partly to payoff. The analyses revealed no main effect of cognitive effort investment, but interaction effects with payoff for reaction time (n-back and flanker task) and P3 amplitude (n-back task) and demand for early frontal midline theta power (flanker task). Taken together, our results do not support the notion that individuals with high levels of cognitive effort investment exert effort more efficiently. However, the notion that these individuals exert effort regardless of payoff is partly supported. This may further our understanding of the conditions under which person-situation interactions occur, i.e. the conditions under which situations determine effort investment in goal-directed behavior more than personality, and vice versa.