Eunuchs and their urological problems

Eunuchs are biological males who have undergone voluntary castration. Eunuchs in India, are commonly known as ‘Hijras’ and are under-represented. The thoughts of pursuing voluntary castration arise from a variety of reasons such as to reduce libido, correct a perception of their dysmorphic (part of the body is a different shape from normal) genitalia, or fulfill a sexual fantasy. Eunuchs suffer from urinary retention as a side effect of castration. Castration causes urethral stenosis (physical narrowing of the urethral channel), which ultimately led to the development of various urological problems in eunuchs, such as urinary dribbling or retention, urinary incontinence, urinary tract infection, and bladder stones.