Using traditional ecological knowledge to develop capacity for biodiversity conservation beyond protected areas

Abstract Biodiversity conservation increasingly acknowledges the vital role of traditional communities and their traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). A diverse array of plants provides essential materials for human sustenance and livelihoods. This study assessed the extent of TEK across age-gender groups using selected plant species in five major terrestrial ecosystems in Tanzania. A multi-stage stratified random sampling approach was employed to select ethnic groups, representative plant species, and focus group discussion (FGD) participants. We conducted 24 FGDs and walk-in-the-woods exercises to document species recognition, validate their presence, and evaluate traditional uses across four categories. Additionally, we examined how TEK varied across gender and age groups. The data analysis involved descriptive and inferential statistics. Among the 550 validated plant species, their proportional use across ethnic groups was 52.0% for food, 30.2% for medicine, 16.4% for material, and 1.4% for ritual purposes. Variations in TEK were observed across age groups, ecosystems, and use categories, with older individuals exhibiting greater knowledge across all categories. While some plant species are ubiquitous, others are endemic to specific locations with cultural significance. The diversity of utilised species usually indicates overall plant diversity, highlighting that conserving traditionally valued species could protect broader biodiversity, especially in unprotected areas. Strengthening the intergenerational transfer and application of TEK is critical to supporting ecosystem-based conservation initiatives and ensuring sustainable use of ecosystem resources. Findings lay the groundwork for further exploration of the potential of TEK in building community capacity to promote biodiversity conservation beyond protected areas within these terrestrial ecosystems.