Sapropterin Treatment Prevents Congenital Heart Defects Induced by Pregestational Diabetes in Mice

ABSTRACT Aims Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is a co-factor of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which is critical to embryonic heart development. We aimed to study the effects of sapropterin (Kuvan®), an orally active synthetic form of BH4 on eNOS uncoupling and congenital heart defects (CHDs) induced by pregestational diabetes in mice. Methods Adult female mice were induced to pregestational diabetes by streptozotocin and bred with normal males to produce offspring. Pregnant mice were treated with sapropterin or vehicle during gestation. CHDs were identified by histological analysis. Cell proliferation, eNOS dimerization and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were assessed in the fetal heart. Results Pregestational diabetes results in a spectrum of CHDs in their offspring. Oral treatment with sapropterin in the diabetic dams significantly decreased the incidence of CHDs from 59% to 27% and major abnormalities, such as atrioventricular septal defect and double outlet right ventricle were absent in the sapropterin treated group. Lineage tracing reveals that pregestational diabetes results in decreased commitment of second heart field progenitors to the outflow tract, endocardial cushions, and ventricular myocardium of the fetal heart. Notably, decreased cell proliferation and cardiac transcription factor expression induced by maternal diabetes were normalized with sapropterin treatment. Furthermore, sapropterin administration in the diabetic dams increased eNOS dimerization and lowered ROS levels in the fetal heart. Conclusions Sapropterin treatment in the diabetic mothers improves eNOS coupling, increases cell proliferation and prevents the development of CHDs in the offspring. Thus, sapropterin may have therapeutic potential in preventing CHDs in pregestational diabetes.