Mitochondrial CO1 gene haplotype diversity of Sumatran Tiger Panthera tigris sumatrae (Pocock, 1929) (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae)

Sumatran Tigers Panthera tigris sumatrae inhabit 12 tiger conservation landscapes that stretch across Sumatra Island. Conservation efforts for these species require robust, information-based research, including a genetic approach. This study analyzed the haplotype diversity of P. t. sumatrae based on the mitochondrial CO1 (Cytochrome Oxidase Subunit 1) gene. Specifically, a nucleotide guanine at position 121 was found, distinguishing P. t. sumatrae from other tiger subspecies. Among the 17 sequences of P. t. sumatrae, two haplotypes were detected: 13 individuals were in haplotype 1 (Hap_1), and four individuals were in haplotype 2 (Hap_2). Hap_1 individuals predominantly originated from Riau and North Sumatra, while Hap_2 individuals were primarily from West Sumatra. Haplotype diversity (Hd) (0.382±0.113) and nucleotide diversity (pi) (0.00038±0.00011) confirmed the low genetic diversity. Five seized samples exhibited Hap_2, suggesting they might have originated from Riau and North Sumatra. However, this result cannot be described as current due to the significant changes in P. t. sumatrae habitat. Further genetic studies, such as whole-genome analysis, are needed to detect the origin and variation of P. t. sumatrae across all landscapes.