Astaxanthin as an anti-aging agent: Extraction, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential

Aging is a complex biological process influenced by molecular, cellular, and environmental factors. In recent years, astaxanthin, a potent carotenoid derived primarily from Haematococcus pluvialis, has gained significant attention for its pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-aging effects. This review explores the biochemical properties, sources, and extraction techniques of astaxanthin, with a focus on advanced methods such as supercritical fluid extraction and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying aging, including cellular senescence, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and telomere attrition, are discussed to establish a link between astaxanthin’s bioactivity and its therapeutic potential in aging-related interventions. Additionally, the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of astaxanthin are reviewed to highlight its physiological relevance and clinical applications. Current innovations in anti-aging strategies, ranging from lifestyle modifications and nutraceutical interventions to pharmaceutical applications, are also examined. The emerging role of astaxanthin in anti-aging research is emphasized through recent studies on its effects in promoting longevity and skin health. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of astaxanthin’s potential as a natural anti-aging agent while identifying future research directions for its pharmaceutical and clinical applications.