Interspecific hybridization in Lilium- A review

Lilium is a genus of high ornamental and economic value, comprising over 115-130 species distributed across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The genus is widely cultivated for its aesthetically appealing flowers, which exhibit remarkable diversity in form, color, and fragrance. Interspecific hybridization has played a pivotal role in expanding the genetic base of Lilium, enabling the development of novel cultivars with enhanced ornamental traits, disease resistance, and environmental adaptability. However, the process is often constrained by pre- and post-zygotic reproductive barriers, chromosomal incompatibilities, and limited cross-compatibility among species. This review synthesizes current knowledge on interspecific hybridization in Lilium, highlighting its historical context, breeding strategies, cytogenetic challenges, and molecular tools used to facilitate hybrid development. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of SSR markers in genotyping and parentage analysis, which have significantly advanced our understanding of genetic relationships among hybrids and wild species. By integrating classical breeding approaches with modern molecular techniques, interspecific hybridization continues to be a powerful tool for cultivar development and biodiversity conservation in Lilium. Future prospects include the application of genomic selection, embryo rescue, and biotechnological interventions to overcome hybridization barriers and accelerate breeding efficiency.