[Retracted] Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Landscape Writing and His Environment Concerns

In order to better understand the research and analysis of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s landscape writing and ecological environment problems, his paper discusses the description of environmental landscape in Hawthorne’s writings. This paper analyzes the “social‐ecological” environment during the antebellum era through Hawthorne’s literary writings. Comparing Hawthorne’s writings of the landscape within statistics and diagrams, this study argues that the romantic descriptions of natural settings and characters in Hawthorne’s writings reflect the social and ecological environment of antebellum era. Therefore, reads can accurately understand Nathaniel Hawthorne’s living context and the ecological environment problems. This study also argues that Hawthorne’s writings of landscape reflect much more the ecological and environmental problems in his era comparing with other antebellum writers. Understanding Hawthorne’s writing of the environment will also provide a guidance for the contemporary society.