The multiverse future of ENSO diversity in large ensembles of climate models

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) shows large differences from one event to another in terms of its intensity, spatial pattern, and temporal evolution, which are typically referred to as “ENSO diversity”. While such differences in ENSO patterns are associated with different regional climate impacts throughout the world, influencing the skill of impact prediction systems, large uncertainties remain concerning its potential future evolution and trends. The location and intensity of ENSO events are indeed strongly influenced by internal/natural climate variations, limiting the detection of forced changes.Here, we exploit the power of single model initial-condition large ensembles (SMILEs) from 13 fully coupled climate models from both CMIP5 and CMIP6 (totalling 580 realizations in historical and SSP-RCP scenarios) to first examine the ability of climate models to simulate realistic diversity of ENSO events compared to multiple observational datasets, and then use those models to characterize future trajectories in the location and intensity of El Niño and La Niña events. We define the location of ENSO events as the longitude of the absolute maximum (the intensity) of sea-surface temperature anomalies (SSTa) during boreal Winter (December-February) in the equatorial Pacific. Future projections of ENSO diversity are assessed in terms of joint probability distributions of ENSO events’ location and intensity.While some models show a degree of diversity in the location and intensity of events that are comparable with observed statistics, other models tend to favour the occurrence of eastern or central Pacific events. Such contrasting performances during the historical period are found to be associated with different future trajectories of ENSO diversity: i) models favouring the occurrence of eastern Pacific events (e.g., ACCESS-ESM1-5, CanESM2, and 5) show a westward shift in event location over the 21st century; ii) models simulating ENSO events anomalously westward tend to show an eastward shift in event locations and an increased intensity in the 21st century (e.g., CESM1 and 2, CSIRO-MK3-6-0, GFDL-CM3, GFDL-ESM2M, MIROC-ES2L, MIROC6). Nevertheless, we note that models showing the closest match to observed statistics during the historical period also present a westward shift in ENSO locations and a slight increase in intensity in the 21st century (e.g., GFDL-SPEAR and IPSL-CM6-LR).Although the physical cause of model discrepancies remains unclear, this study provides a broader perspective on expected ENSO changes over the 21st century in different models and highlights the spread of projections among models.