Biomaterials for Oral and Maxillofacial Regeneration: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions

Oral and maxillofacial tissue regeneration requires biomaterials that are not only biocompatible but also capable of actively promoting bone formation, resisting microbial colonization, and integrating seamlessly with host tissue. Recent innovations in biomaterial science are transforming this field by offering multifunctional platforms that surpass the limitations of conventional materials. Advances in nanotechnology have enabled the fabrication of superior biomaterials optimized porosity, surface characteristics, and controlled ion release, features that collectively enhance osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and biomineralization. Owing to their remarkable potential in supporting bone and periodontal tissue regeneration, such materials are increasingly being incorporated into three-dimensional polymeric scaffolds to create bioactive frameworks that closely mimic the extracellular matrix. These scaffolds act as a therapeutic framework that can enhance cellular adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, supporting effective tissue regeneration. This review highlights recent progress in the development and application of biomaterials for oral and maxillofacial regeneration, with a particular focus on advanced 3D constructs. These next-generation biomaterials hold significant potential to improve clinical outcomes and elevate the standard of care in regenerative dentistry. Keywords: Biomaterials; 3D Scaffolds; Regenerative Dentistry; Oral Tissue Regeneration; Maxillofacial Regeneration.