Beyond Lynn Margulis’ green hydra

AbstractLynn Margulis has made it clear that in nature partnerships are the predominant form of life; that life processes can only be understood in terms of the interactions of such partnerships; and that their inherent complexity can only be understood by taking a holistic approach. Here I attempt to relate Lynn Margulis´ observations on the freshwater polyp hydra to the perceptions and problems of today’s Hydra research. To accomplish this, I will synthesize our current understanding of how symbionts influence the phenotype and fitness of hydra. Based on this new findings, a fundamental paradigm shift and a new era is emerging in the way that we consider organisms such as hydra as multi-organismic metaorganisms, just as Lynn Margulis may have thought about it.