Stilbenes from Vine Extracts: Therapeutic Potential and Mechanisms

The wine industry represents a significant economic sector; however, it generates large volumes of waste that can be valorized due to the presence of bioactive compounds, particularly stilbenes. These naturally occurring stilbenes exhibit remarkable potential in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, including cardioprotection, neuroprotection, antidiabetic properties, anti-inflammatory activity, and cancer prevention and therapy. This review discusses biosynthesis, structures, extraction methods, and mechanisms of action of stilbenes, with a particular emphasis on cancer prevention and treatment. Evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies demonstrate that stilbenes modulate multiple molecular pathways by promoting apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, and regulating inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolism. However, the clinical application of stilbenes is limited by their low bioavailability. To overcome this, pharmaceutical formulations have been developed to enhance their stability and bioavailability, reduce side effects, and improve target interactions. These advances are expected to increase the therapeutic efficacy of stilbenes. Furthermore, information on the health benefits of less common stilbenes remains limited, highlighting the need for further research on these compounds.