Radiological identification of neuromyelitis optica in a patient presented with unexplained weight loss and generalized weakness: a case report and literature review

Introduction and importance: Central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory demyelinating disease known as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is characterized by recurrent inflammatory events that primarily affect the optic nerves and spinal cord; it may also affect the hypothalamus, area postrema, and periaqueductal gray matter. The NMOSD-specific aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-IgG) is available. Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG-IgG) have recently been discovered in a group of patients who do not have AQP4-IgG. Case presentation: A 29-year-old female presented to the hospital with the complaint of blurry vision in her right eye and left eye ptosis for 2 days. Two months ago, the patient had a history of generalized fatigue with continuous documented fever with an average of 38.5°C, which was relieved by acetaminophen and ibuprofen. She also complained of continuous hiccups that increased at night and interfered with her sleep pattern and breathing; they lasted for 3 weeks and disappeared suddenly. She had also developed episodes of vomiting and could not tolerate food intake due to which she lost 6 kg within 3 weeks. She was later diagnosed with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) using radiological neuroimaging. Clinical discussion: Early and correct diagnosis, followed by urgent treatment for acute exacerbations and the prevention of further relapses, are essential for treating NMO spectrum illnesses since they entail significant morbidity and, occasionally, fatality. Conclusion: The patient mentioned here represents a typical example of NMO disease. This case emphasizes the presence of this disease in our environment and the importance of accurately diagnosing this ailment, even in a context with minimal resources, to prevent disability.