An Analysis of Characteristics of Patient Transported by Helicopter Emergency Medical Services (Hems) in Sabah, Malaysia

Introduction: Helicopter emergency medical services (HEMSs) in Sabah, Malaysia, are vital for overcoming healthcare accessibility challenges due to the region's diverse terrain and limited road infrastructure. These services enable the rapid transport of critically ill patients, ensuring timely access to specialized care. This study analysed patient characteristics, medical emergencies, and geographic factors influencing HEMS utilization. Methodology: This retrospective descriptive study reviewed 162 HEMS missions conducted in 2022. Data were obtained from the Sabah State Health Department and Hospital Queen Elizabeth, with a focus on patient demographics, medical conditions, and geographic factors. The inclusion criteria included all medical and trauma cases requiring air transport, while exclusions were applied to missions cancelled due to weather or operational constraints. Results: Cardiovascular emergencies were the most common reason for HEMS activation (34%), followed by oncological and gastrointestinal conditions (14% each). Hypertension (20.4%), cardiovascular diseases (13%), and diabetes (9.9%) were the most common underlying medical conditions. The median patient age was 52 years, with a male predominance (66.7%). Most missions (87%) were interhospital transfers. Geographic challenges such as mountainous terrain, poor road conditions, and extended ground ambulance travel times (median: 8 hours) significantly influenced HEMS utilization. Conclusion: Middle-aged males with preexisting hypertension and cardiovascular diseases were more often reported with acute medical emergencies requiring HEMS. Geographic challenges are strongly associated with HEMS activation. Streamlining coordination between smaller healthcare facilities and tertiary centres may help minimize delays and ensure faster patient stabilization.