On Abstract Universes and the Consequences of the Abstraction

The primary aim of this paper is to explore and comprehend the abstraction underlying the mechanisms of the universe. Based on our current understanding, which is deeply intertwined with mathematics, it is estimated that our universe is approximately 14 billion years old. By adopting specific assumptions and axioms, one can construct a model universe and trace its subsequent evolution; however, it is evident that such constructed universes are not the one in which we exist. Rather, these abstract universes are developed through the application of advanced mathematical frameworks to demonstrate that, given appropriate assumptions, it is indeed possible to formulate a coherent representation of a universe. Nevertheless, experimental verification remains indispensable for validating any such theoretical endeavors. Furthermore, when considering multiverse theories, this paper contends that even in the presence of infinitely many possible universes, the probability of their actual existence is not necessarily substantial.The central theme of this work revolves around two fundamental questions: What is truly meant when we invoke the concept of a “universe” and its subsequent evolution? And what underlying principles enable a universe to be structured with such precision—down to its fundamental constants and intricate details—that it can sustain itself and evolve over billions of years? To address these questions, the paper examines two abstract universes: (A) the Fractal Universe, denoted as U3, and (B) the Abstract ζ-Function Universe, denoted as U4. The structural and cosmological evolution of these universes is described, followed by a comparative analysis and a discussion of the philosophical consequences of constructing such abstract mathematical models.