Comparing the ability of embedding methods on metabolic hypergraphs for capturing taxonomy-based features

Abstract Background Metabolic networks are complex systems that describe the biochemical reactions within an organism through pairwise interactions between chemical compounds. While this representation is widely used to study biological function, it fails to capture the full structure of metabolic reactions, many of which involve more than two compounds. Hypergraphs offer a more natural representation, where nodes represent metabolites and hyperedges represent reactions involving multiple participants. Clustering such metabolic hypergraphs can reveal systematic differences among evolutionarily distinct organisms, providing insight into ecological constraints and evolutionary pressures. Methods In this study, we investigate how different graphs and hypergraphs embedding methods influence their unsupervised clustering, with the goal of capturing taxonomy-based classes. We apply 14 distinct embedding strategies to a large-scale dataset of 8,467 metabolic hypergraphs. Each embedding was followed by hierarchical clustering using a fixed linkage method. To assess performance, we compared the resulting clusters against known taxonomic groupings. Results Our findings show that the choice of hypergraph embedding has a significant effect on clustering outcomes. Among the tested methods, Bag of Hyperedges with Jaccard distance, Histogram Cosine Kernel, and a Hypergraph Auto-Encoder consistently performed best. We also advocate that the embedding method should be chosen based on the goal of the downstream task.