Development of Photovoltaic Devices Based on Fullerene–Graphene Hybrids

The development of next-generation photovoltaic devices requires the integration of advanced nanomaterials with superior electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Among such materials, fullerenes (C₆₀ and their derivatives such as PCBM) and graphene have attracted significant attention due to their complementary functionalities. Fullerenes act as efficient electron acceptors, facilitating charge separation in donor–acceptor systems. While graphene provides excellent electrical conductivity, high optical transparency, and mechanical flexibility, making it a promising alternative to conventional transparent electrodes such as indium tin oxide (ITO). This paper reviews recent progress in the design and fabrication of fullerene–graphene hybrid photovoltaic devices. The typical device structure includes a flexible or rigid substrate, a graphene transparent electrode, a polymer–fullerene active layer, selective charge transport layers, and a metallic back contact. Experimental studies demonstrate that hybridization of fullerenes with graphene improves charge transport pathways, reduces series resistance, and enhances power conversion efficiency (PCE). Furthermore, fullerene–graphene composites contribute to device stability under prolonged illumination and thermal stress. Overall, fullerene–graphene hybrid materials represent a promising strategy for the development of high-efficiency, cost-effective, and flexible solar cells. Their potential applications extend beyond traditional photovoltaics to include portable energy sources, building-integrated photovoltaics, and wearable electronic devices, contributing to the broader goal of sustainable energy technologies.