Zumbi (ca. 1655–1695)

Zumbi was the final and most famous leader of Palmares, a quilombo known in English as a maroon society (a community or society of escaped slaves) that existed nearly throughout the seventeenth century in the Brazilian state of Pernambuco. Under Zumbi's leadership, the citizens of Palmares (Palmarinos) defended the quilombo against the final Portuguese offensive, which ultimately led to Palmares’ destruction. Like much of the history of Palmares, few verifiable facts are known about Zumbi and much about his life has become mythic. Zumbi's name is also often spelled “Zambi.” It is unclear whether “Zumbi” is a proper name, a title, or a term expressing reverence. Much that is known about Zumbi's life comes from Portuguese reports and is the subject of debate among scholars.