The effect of nicorandil in patients with cardiac syndrome X

Abstract Background: The prevalence of cardiac syndrome X (CSX) is considerable. Some patients show recurrent angina attacks and have a poor prognosis. However, the knowledge of CSX pathophysiological mechanism is still limited, and the treatment fails to achieve a satisfactory suppression of symptoms. Nicorandil has a beneficial effect on improving coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD). This study aims to evaluate the clinical effects and safety of nicorandil on CSX patients. Methods: The Cochrane Library, Pubmed, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov and 4 Chinese databases were searched to identify relevant studies. The Cochrane “Risk of bias” tool was used to assess the methodological quality of eligible studies. Meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.3 software. The Eggers test and meta-regression were performed by software Stata 14.0. Quality of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Results: Twenty four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 2323 patients were included. Most of the included studies were classified as having an unclear risk of bias because of poor reported methodology. The main outcomes are angina symptoms improvement, resting electrocardiogram (ECG) improvement, treadmill test result, and endothelial function. Meta-analysis showed that nicorandil had some benefit on improving angina symptoms (RR 1.24, 95% CI 1.19 to 1.29, I 2  = 20%, P  < .00001), resting ECG (RR = 1.24, 95% IC: 1.15 to 1.33, I 2  = 0%, P  < .00001), and prolonged the time to 1 mm ST-segment depression in treadmill test result (WMD = 38.41, 95% IC: 18.46 to 58.36, I 2  = 0%, P  = .0002). Besides nicorandil could reduce the level of endothelin-1 (ET-1) (SMD = −2.22, 95% IC: −2.61 to −1.83, I 2  = 77%, P  < .00001) and increase the level of nitric oxide (NO) (WMD = 27.45, 95% IC: 125.65 to 29.24, I 2  = 81%, P  < .00001). No serious adverse drug event was reported. The Eggers test showed that significant statistical publication bias was detected (Eggers test P  = .000). The quality of evidence ranged from very low to low. Conclusions: Nicorandil shows the potential of improving angina symptoms, ECG, and endothelial dysfunction in patients with CSX. However, there is insufficient evidence for the clinical benefits of nicorandil due to the very low-quality evidence.