Bt resistance: characterization and strategies for GM crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis toxins

Abstract This book focuses on descriptions of the extent of use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) crops and the emerging problem of resistance, recent progress in elucidating the mechanism of action of Bt toxins and describing the different resistance mechanisms and strategies for coping with resistance in the field. There are four sections. In the first section ('The extent of use of Bt crops and the emerging problem of resistance'), five chapters summarize the successes and failures of this technology both worldwide and in particular countries that have adopted this technology. The second part of the book ('Mechanism of action of Bt toxins and different resistance mechanisms'), containing six chapters, describes different models of the mode of action of Bt Cry (or crystal) toxins and the different mechanisms of resistance that have been described to date. The third section ('Strategies to counter resistance'), which has 4 chapters, describes novel methodologies to counter or delay resistance to Bt crops. Overall, this section provides insight into future technology that may be available to maintain the efficacy of Bt crops for pest control. The two chapters in the final section, entitled 'Insect Resistance Management and Integrated Pest Management', discuss the use of insect pest management or IPM, with emphasis on only using pest control strategies when needed, such as when pest populations exceed predetermined economic injury levels.