National health insurance scheme improves access and optimization of antimicrobial use in the Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Abstract Background Nigeria instituted the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) for universal health coverage. This study compared the NHIS and out-of-pocket (OOP) antibiotic prescribing with the World Health Organization (WHO) optimal values. Methods A total of 2190 prescription forms from the NHIS and OOP were included in this study conducted at Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Nigeria from January 2021 to December 2022 and analysed using WHO drug prescribing guidelines. Results The average number of drugs per encounter was higher in the NHIS prescribing (χ2=58.956, p=0.00) than in OOP prescribing. The percentage of encounters with an antibiotic prescribed is higher in NHIS prescribing (χ2=46.034, p=0.000) than in OOP prescribing. The percentage of parenteral antibiotic prescribing is higher in OOP prescribing (χ2=25.413, p=0.000) than in NHIS prescribing. The percentage of antibiotic prescribed from the National Essential Medicine List is higher in NHIS prescribing (χ2=8.227, p=0.000) as well as the antibiotics prescribed from the Access category of the WHO Access, Watch and Reserve (AWaRe) Classification of antibiotics (χ2=23.946, p=0.000) when compared with OOP prescribing. Conclusions Prescribing indicators show better performances with NHIS antibiotic prescribing and are closer to the WHO-recommended optimal values than in OPP prescribing. Hence NHIS prescribing can be an easy target for hospital antibiotic stewardship intervention for optimal antibiotic prescribing.