Metformin: A Versatile Therapeutic Agent in Various Diseases and Health Conditions

Metformin, a widely used medication for type 2 diabetes, has therapeutic effects beyond glycemic control. This literature review provides a comprehensive summary of metformin's mechanisms, clinical applications, and research progress in various health conditions, including its potential role in the management of COVID-19. The review covers the historical development of metformin and its efficacy in treating diabetes. It explores its mechanisms of action, including blood glucose reduction and improved insulin resistance. Furthermore, the review discusses metformin's applications in obesity, metabolic disorders, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. It highlights its potential to facilitate weight loss, decrease liver glucose output, enhance muscle glucose uptake, and contribute to cancer prevention and treatment. Additionally, metformin's protective effects against cardiovascular disease are addressed. Moreover, the review explores emerging research on metformin's anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, expanding its therapeutic potential. This comprehensive review emphasizes metformin's significant therapeutic potential in various health conditions, including its potential role in the management of COVID-19. It calls for further investigation to better understand its mechanisms of action and optimize its clinical applications.