The Leray-XT COI primer pair is not suitable for observing ciliates and radiolarians

ABSTRACT The Leray-XT primer pair has been widely used to amplify the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene from animals. In some marine metabarcoding studies, protists have also been amplified and sequenced using these primers. Here, we ask if the Leray-XT COI primer pair is suitable for observing ciliates and radiolarians, which are numerically and ecologically important components of marine protistan communities. We show that while there are sufficient COI reference sequences for ciliates in NCBI for taxonomic assignments, there are currently only two COI reference sequences for radiolarians. Using in-silico analyses, we additionally show that while the reverse primer Leray-XT primer can bind and potentially amplify both ciliates and radiolarians, the forward primer cannot bind to either taxon. These results show that the Leray-XT primer pair is not suitable for observing ciliates and radiolarians, although it may be useful for observing other marine protistan taxa.