Enhancing Environmental Sustainability: Risk Assessment and Management Strategies for Urban Light Pollution

Light pollution imposes significant and far-reaching adverse effects on human society, necessitating its stringent regulation. However, intervention policies could be customized to suit the unique characteristics of each region, taking into account local conditions. To address this challenge, we have developed a comprehensive light pollution risk assessment model using a combination of objective and subjective weighting methods, including analytic hierarchy process (AHP), independent weighting method (IWM), entropy weight method (EWM), coefficient of variation (CV), criteria importance through intercriteria correlation (CRITIC), and principal component analysis (PCA). This model facilitates a systematic evaluation of light pollution risk levels across diverse regions in China. Subsequently, we have proposed intervention policies targeting light pollution risk reduction and assessed their efficacy using the synthetic control method. Our findings reveal elevated light pollution risk levels in coastal and mountainous regions with heightened concentrations closer to urban centers. Strategies focused on enhancing lighting hardware, optimizing lighting schedules, and upgrading light sources demonstrated the impact on reducing light pollution risk levels (LPRL). This study not only lays a solid theoretical foundation for assessing urban light pollution risks but furnishes empirical evidence to aid relevant authorities in formulating effective light pollution control strategies.