Ecological control of aphids in mandarins using pyroligneous acid derived from citrus waste

This study aimed to explore the production and application of pyroligneous acid derived from mandarin pruning biomass as a sustainable alternative for controlling aphids (Aphis spiraecola) in the cultivation of Citrus reticulata. Pyroligneous acid was produced through the pyrolysis of post-harvest mandarin waste using a pilot dry-distillation oven, resulting in a liquid product rich in biocides. The chemical composition of the acid was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantified for total polyphenols, confirming the presence of active compounds with potential insecticidal and biostimulant properties. To evaluate its efficacy, four concentrations of pyroligneous acid (326.91 ppm, 544.85 ppm, 700.53 ppm, and 817.28 ppm) were applied to immature shoots affected by aphids in a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Significant differences were observed among treatments (p < 0.005). The 1000 ml concentration demonstrated the highest effectiveness, achieving a 98% reduction in aphid populations and significantly outperforming the lower doses. The results support the use of pyroligneous acid as a viable ecological alternative to synthetic pesticides. It offers advantages such as reduced environmental impact, compatibility with organic farming practices, and the valorization of agricultural waste. These findings highlight the potential of integrating pyroligneous acid into sustainable pest management strategies, contributing to improved ecological balance and long-term agricultural sustainability.