Origin and Evolution of the South Sichuan Basin Danxia Landform: Insights into Broader Chinese Danxia Landform Development

Danxia landform, recognized for its steep cliffs and red coloration, has drawn significant scientific attention. While Chinese Danxia Landforms are UNESCO World Heritage Sites, their genesis and evolution, particularly in less-explored regions, remain under study. The southern Sichuan Basin, one of China's three largest Danxia outcrop areas, offers a unique case study due to its distinct geological setting and limited research. This study investigates the genesis of Danxia landforms in the southern Sichuan Basin using a multi-faceted approach. Field observations documented geomorphological characteristics and stratigraphy of the Danxia formations. Tectonic analysis, using regional structural data and fault mapping, assessed the impact of tectonic uplift and deformation. The findings suggest that the genesis of Danxia landforms in the southern Sichuan Basin is driven by four factors: (1) thick, well-bedded red sandstones and conglomerates; (2) regional tectonic structures, such as faults and folds; (3) episodic tectonic uplift, creating topographic relief and fluvial incision; and (4) the combined effects of weathering, erosion, and gravity shaping the cliffs. The analysis challenges the prevailing southeast-to-northwest evolutionary model for Chinese Danxia, as the southern Sichuan Basin follows a distinct developmental trajectory, influenced by regional tectonic settings and external forces. This study shows that Danxia genesis is a complex interaction of lithological, tectonic, and geomorphic processes. The findings highlight regional variability and underscore the importance of considering regional tectonic context and external forces in understanding Danxia evolution across China. This research deepens understanding of Danxia genesis and provides insights for conserving these globally significant landscapes.