Nanomaterial‐Based Muscle Cell/Neural Tissue Biohybrid Robots: From Actuation to Biomedical Applications

Biohybrid robotics, an emerging field combining biological tissues with artificial systems, has made significant progress in developing various biohybrid constructs, including muscle‐cell‐driven biorobots and microbots. To enhance the functionality of muscle‐cell‐based biohybrid robots, nanomaterials have been integrated due to their unique properties, including high electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, and structural flexibility. These nanomaterials significantly improve muscle cell function by enhancing contractile efficiency, strengthening cellular interactions such as neuromuscular junctions, and facilitating signal transmission. By optimizing both electrical and mechanical properties, nanomaterials contribute to the durability, responsiveness, and adaptability of biohybrid robots, addressing limitations associated with traditional biorobot systems. This review highlights recent advancements in nanomaterial‐based muscle cell biohybrid robots, focusing on their impact on bioactuation, neuromuscular interfacing, and functional enhancement. It also discusses essential strategies for integrating nanomaterials into muscle‐cell‐driven systems to maximize efficiency. Future research should improve nanomaterial integration techniques, enhance the long‐term stability of biohybrid systems, and explore in vivo applications. Further development in control and sensing capabilities will also be crucial for advancing next‐generation biohybrid robots for biomedical and industrial applications.