Adverse renal outcomes associated with hematuria and its associated factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Longitudinal evidence of the prognostic value of hematuria and associated factors predicting the risk of renal outcome vary. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the association of hematuria and adverse kidney events and summarized the associated factors. Methods A comprehensive search of PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Cochrane was conducted from January 1, 2010, to December 20, 2022. Longitudinal studies focusing on the prognostic value of hematuria on renal outcome were included in the analysis (PROSPERO registration CRD42023387845). Results The search generated 34 studies, of which 20 studies involving 1,047,171 participants were included in the systematic review. Baseline hematuria showed a 64% increased risk of adverse kidney outcome (risk ratio (RR) 1.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.43 − 2.19). Hematuria remission showed a 63% decreased risk of adverse kidney outcomes (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.24 − 0.55). Conclusions Hematuria increases the risk of adverse kidney events. Hematuria remission has a favorable effect on renal outcome.