CELIAC DISEASE AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

Background: Celiac disease, an immune-mediated enteropathy that occurs in susceptible individuals after gluten ingestion, has clinical manifestations that go beyond the classical malabsorption syndrome and can affect other systems. Objective: To review the current literature for cardiovascular changes described in patients with celiac disease. Method: We conducted a search in the PubMed database and selected articles based on their relevance to the objective. Results: Celiac patients have a 1.2 times higher risk of cardiovascular events compared to non-celiac patients. The most common cardiovascular manifestations include atherosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmias (especially atrial fibrillation), myocarditis, coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, impaired aortic function, and cerebrovascular diseases. There are several possible explanations for this relationship, including: prothrombotic changes, accelerated atherosclerosis compared to patients without celiac disease, associated comorbidities, such as antiphospholipid syndrome and Type 1 Diabetes mellitus, subclinical chronic inflammation and genetic factors. Celiac disease patients have a 38% higher risk of developing atrial fibrillation and a 19% higher risk of coronary artery disease. Furthermore, celiac patients have a 22% higher risk of coronary artery disease-related death, regardless of small intestine histopathology. Patients with celiac disease also show an increased prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy (5.7%) and a 73% higher risk of developing dilated cardiomyopathy, particularly within the first year of celiac disease diagnosis. Conclusion: Celiac disease may be associated with cardiovascular changes, especially in newly diagnosed patients who have not adhered to a gluten-free diet. Therefore, cardiovascular assessment should be considered as part of the initial assessment and follow-up of individuals with celiac disease.