Beyond species means – the intraspecific contribution to global wood density variation

Abstract Wood density is central for estimating vegetation carbon storage and a plant functional trait of great ecological and evolutionary importance. However, the global extent of wood density variation is unclear, especially at the intraspecific level. We assembled the most comprehensive wood density collection to date (GWDD v.2), including 109,626 records from 16,829 plant species across woody life forms and biomes. Using the GWDD v.2, we explored the sources of variation in wood density within individuals, within species, and across environmental gradients. Intraspecific variation accounted for up to 15% of overall wood density variation (sd = 0.068 g cm -3 ). Sapwood densities varied 50% less than heartwood densities, and branchwood densities varied 30% less than trunkwood densities. Individuals in extreme environments (dry, hot, acidic soils) had higher wood density than conspecifics elsewhere (+0.02 g cm -3 , ∼4% of the mean). Intraspecific environmental effects strongly tracked interspecific patterns (r = 0.83) but were only 20–30% as large and varied considerably among taxa. Individual plant wood density was difficult to predict (RMSE > 0.08 g cm -3 ; single-measurement R 2 = 0.59). We recommend (i) systematic within-species sampling for local applications, and (ii) expanded taxonomic coverage combined with integrative models for robust estimates across ecological scales.