Human endogenous retrovirus-R envelope is a host restriction factor against severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2

Abstract Coronavirus induced disease-19 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 remains a major global health challenge. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) represent retroviral elements that got integrated into the ancestral human genome. HERVs are important in development and diseases, including cancer, inflammation and viral infections. Here, we analyzed the expression of several HERVs in SARS-CoV-2 infected cells and observed increased activity of HERV-E, HERV-V, HERV-FRD, HERV-MER34, HERV-W and HERV-KHML2. In contrast, HERV-R-envelope was downregulated in cell-based models and COVID-19 patient PBMCs. HERV-R overexpression inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication, suggesting its antiviral action. Further studies demonstrated the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in regulating HERV-R antiviral activity. Cross-talk between the ERK and p38 MAPK controls HERV-R envelope synthesis, which in turn modulates the replication of SARS-CoV-2. These findings establish the importance of HERV-R envelope as a host restriction factor against SARS-CoV-2 and illustrate the advantage of integration and evolutionary maintenance of retroviral-elements in the human genome.