Techniques for Treating Depression from al-Kindi’s Perspective

Depression is one of the mental health issues that requires attention worldwide, involving individuals from all cultures and societies regardless of age and background. In Malaysia, a country with a diverse population, depression has become an increasingly prevalent issue that demands attention and effective treatment approaches. Various factors contribute to depression, including trauma, loss, unfulfilled desires, personality traits, and fear of death. This literature review examines the prevalence of depression in Malaysia and explores treatment techniques proposed by the influential Muslim philosopher, al-Kindi. The findings highlight al-Kindi’s emphasis on prevention through self-control and the regulation of desires. The review also suggests several approaches to treating depression caused by internal factors, such as controlling anger and lust, practicing self-discipline (mujahadah), focusing on spiritual wealth, addressing diseases of the heart, reshaping negative thought patterns, and recognising that many cases of depression can be cured. In contrast, depression resulting from external factors may be alleviated by accepting reality and acknowledging that wealth, social status, and worldly possessions are temporary and impermanent. Al-Kindi’s holistic perspective integrates spiritual, mental, and physical well-being, emphasising the role of reason, acceptance of divine decree, and reliance on God (tawakkul) in overcoming sadness. The implications of this study suggest that al-Kindi’s philosophy could be integrated with modern mental health practices to provide culturally and spiritually sensitive interventions, strengthen resilience, and enhance community-based support in the management of depression in Malaysia.