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Sūrya-Sevana: A Balinese Tantric Practice
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<p class="resume">Traces of Tantric elements in Balinese culture and religion have often been noted by Western scholars, but the prevailing opinion is that such are random and haphazard, rather than systematic. Tantric influences on the role of the <em>pedanda</em>, the Brahmana or high priest, have been occasionally acknowledged, but rarely examined in detail. The daily rituals, <em>surya-sevana</em>, performed by the<em> pedanda siwa</em>, the Śaiva high priest, have been known to Western scholars for nearly fifty years through Hooykaas’ translation and commentary (1966). In this article I argue that when approached from the perspective of more recent understandings of Tantrism, the <em>surya-sevana</em> rituals can be seen to incorporate classic Tantric philosophies, symbols and rituals forming a whole that strikingly resembles the <em>sādhanā</em> of a Tantric adept as known in the South Asian literature. This places Tantric teachings and rituals at the very center of Balinese religious and spiritual authority, challenging the view that such influences are peripheral, consisting merely of scattered and unrelated elements. Once the Tantric elements are recognized for what they are, the <em>surya-sevana</em> rituals emerge as having a clear structure and meaning which, although seemingly unique, are evidently and distinctively Tantric in nature.</p><p class="resume">Des traces d’éléments tantriques dans la culture balinaise ont été fréquemment relevées par des chercheurs occidentaux, l’opinion dominante étant toutefois que celles-ci sont fortuites et incohérentes, plutôt que systématiques. Les influences tantriques dans le rôle du <em>pedanda</em>, Brahmana ou grand prêtre, ont été reconnues de manière occasionnelle, mais rarement examinées en détail. Les rituels quotidiens, <em>surya-sevana</em>, accomplis par le <em>pedanda siwa</em>, le grand prêtre sivaïte, sont connus des chercheurs étrangers depuis presque cinquante ans grâce à la traduction et au commentaire de Hooykaas (1966). Dans cet article, j’avance qu’en approchant les rituels <em>surya-sevana</em> dans la perspective des connaissances récentes sur le tantrisme, ceux-ci dévoilent l’incorporation de philosophies tantriques classiques, symboles et rituels formant un tout qui ressemble fortement au <em>sādhanā</em> de l’adepte du tantrisme tel qu’il est connu dans la littérature sud-asiatique. Ceci place les enseignements et rituels tantriques au coeur de l’autorité religieuse et spirituelle balinaise, remettant ainsi en cause l’idée selon laquelle de telles influences sont périphériques, consistant simplement en éléments épars et non reliés. Une fois que les éléments tantriques sont reconnus pour ce qu’ils sont, les rituels <em>surya-sevana </em>montrent une structure et une signification claires qui, bien qu’apparemment uniques, sont à l’évidence et distinctement de nature tantrique.</p>
Title: Sūrya-Sevana: A Balinese Tantric Practice
Description:
<p class="resume">Traces of Tantric elements in Balinese culture and religion have often been noted by Western scholars, but the prevailing opinion is that such are random and haphazard, rather than systematic.
Tantric influences on the role of the <em>pedanda</em>, the Brahmana or high priest, have been occasionally acknowledged, but rarely examined in detail.
The daily rituals, <em>surya-sevana</em>, performed by the<em> pedanda siwa</em>, the Śaiva high priest, have been known to Western scholars for nearly fifty years through Hooykaas’ translation and commentary (1966).
In this article I argue that when approached from the perspective of more recent understandings of Tantrism, the <em>surya-sevana</em> rituals can be seen to incorporate classic Tantric philosophies, symbols and rituals forming a whole that strikingly resembles the <em>sādhanā</em> of a Tantric adept as known in the South Asian literature.
This places Tantric teachings and rituals at the very center of Balinese religious and spiritual authority, challenging the view that such influences are peripheral, consisting merely of scattered and unrelated elements.
Once the Tantric elements are recognized for what they are, the <em>surya-sevana</em> rituals emerge as having a clear structure and meaning which, although seemingly unique, are evidently and distinctively Tantric in nature.
</p><p class="resume">Des traces d’éléments tantriques dans la culture balinaise ont été fréquemment relevées par des chercheurs occidentaux, l’opinion dominante étant toutefois que celles-ci sont fortuites et incohérentes, plutôt que systématiques.
Les influences tantriques dans le rôle du <em>pedanda</em>, Brahmana ou grand prêtre, ont été reconnues de manière occasionnelle, mais rarement examinées en détail.
Les rituels quotidiens, <em>surya-sevana</em>, accomplis par le <em>pedanda siwa</em>, le grand prêtre sivaïte, sont connus des chercheurs étrangers depuis presque cinquante ans grâce à la traduction et au commentaire de Hooykaas (1966).
Dans cet article, j’avance qu’en approchant les rituels <em>surya-sevana</em> dans la perspective des connaissances récentes sur le tantrisme, ceux-ci dévoilent l’incorporation de philosophies tantriques classiques, symboles et rituels formant un tout qui ressemble fortement au <em>sādhanā</em> de l’adepte du tantrisme tel qu’il est connu dans la littérature sud-asiatique.
Ceci place les enseignements et rituels tantriques au coeur de l’autorité religieuse et spirituelle balinaise, remettant ainsi en cause l’idée selon laquelle de telles influences sont périphériques, consistant simplement en éléments épars et non reliés.
Une fois que les éléments tantriques sont reconnus pour ce qu’ils sont, les rituels <em>surya-sevana </em>montrent une structure et une signification claires qui, bien qu’apparemment uniques, sont à l’évidence et distinctement de nature tantrique.
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