Engineering cancer avatars with microfluidics, biofabrication and biosensors

Abstract Microfluidics has revolutionized cancer research by transforming how we study, diagnose, and test treatments, providing valuable insights into disease mechanisms and therapeutic responses. Through miniaturization, automation, and parallelization, microfluidic devices have standardized analytical assays and enhanced the accuracy and reliability of diagnostic and screening procedures, attracting the interest of pharmaceutical industry, laboratories, and clinicians. The use of advanced biofabrication techniques and biomaterials has further enabled the creation of sophisticated microphysiological devices integrating biomimetic tissue-like structures, closely mimicking the cellular and structural complexity of the native tumor microenvironment. This advanced generation of microfluidic platforms surpass conventional approaches that rely on synthetic, rigid, and planar materials, providing a more realistic representation of cancer biology. Moreover, the incorporation of miniaturized biosensors enabling real-time, multiplex, and precise monitoring of biological processes and biomarker presence overcomes the limitations of traditional screening methods, generating high-resolution data that can directly inform clinical decision-making when translated into practice. Herein, we describe how the convergence of microfluidics, biofabrication, and biosensor technologies is shaping a new paradigm in cancer research, driving advancements in disease modeling, drug screening, and diagnosis. While challenges remain for widespread clinical adoption, this integrated approach holds immense potential to transform cancer management and improve patient outcome.