Integrative strategies for zoonotic disease surveillance: A review of one health implementation in the United States

Zoonotic diseases pose significant public health threats worldwide, highlighting the need for effective surveillance strategies. The One Health approach, which recognizes the interconnection between human, animal, and environmental health, has gained traction as a comprehensive framework for addressing zoonotic disease surveillance. This review explores integrative strategies for zoonotic disease surveillance in the United States, focusing on the implementation of One Health principles. The review examines the collaborative efforts between human and animal health sectors, environmental agencies, and other relevant stakeholders in implementing One Health surveillance strategies. It highlights the importance of data sharing, communication, and coordination among these sectors to enhance early detection, rapid response, and effective control of zoonotic diseases. Key findings include the establishment of cross-sectoral surveillance systems, such as the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS) and the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS), which facilitate the collection and analysis of zoonotic disease data. These systems enable the identification of emerging zoonotic threats and the implementation of targeted interventions to mitigate risks. The review also discusses the role of technology, such as geographic information systems (GIS) and molecular epidemiology, in enhancing zoonotic disease surveillance. These tools enable the visualization of disease patterns and the tracking of disease transmission pathways, aiding in the development of effective control strategies. Challenges in implementing One Health surveillance strategies include limited resources, fragmented data systems, and regulatory barriers. Addressing these challenges requires increased investment in infrastructure, capacity building, and policy development to support integrated surveillance approaches. Overall, this review highlights the importance of One Health implementation in zoonotic disease surveillance and underscores the need for continued collaboration and innovation to enhance the effectiveness of surveillance efforts in the United States.