КОНСТРУКТИВІЗМ В АРХІТЕКТУРІ УКРАЇНИ 1920-х – 1930-х РОКІВ

Traditionally, constructivism is perceived as an architectural expression of the Soviet ideology of nihilism, the denial of everything historically formed, the embodiment of the proletarian spirit. However, a deep analysis of the features of the development of Ukrainian constructivism, its theoretical and ideological foundations, stylistics and form-making reveals its unity with world and European trends. Constructivist architects, just like rationalists and functionalists, sought to abolish the symmetry and traditional composition created by historical styles in architecture with the help of something industrial and man-made. The common basic theoretical basis of constructivism, functionalism and rationalism is the idea of perceiving architecture and art as a process of intellectual construction. Analysis of the constructivist architecture of Kyiv and Kharkov in the 1920s and 1930s showed that at that time considerable attention was paid to the functional and planning structure of residential buildings, and a very developed typology of public and industrial buildings was formed. Public buildings included administrative and government buildings, clubs, department stores, restaurants, hotels, post offices, automatic telephone exchanges, medical institutions, research institutes, higher educational institutions, schools, kindergartens, bathhouses, etc. The industrial architecture of constructivism was represented by factories, power and heating plants, car depots, fire stations and other structures. At present, most of the architectural heritage of constructivism has been lost. The reason for the change in the stylistic solution of many buildings built in the constructivist style, the loss of their authenticity and uniqueness, was the change in the attitude of the Soviet authorities to this architectural style, which was too similar stylistically and ideologically to functionalism and rationalism. Common features of the architecture of constructivism, rationalism and functionalism include: building the main elements of architecture on a combination of straight lines and geometric shapes, simple volumes; contrasting different shapes, as well as the contrast of different surfaces; emphasizing the role and use of the possibilities of new materials; rejection of unnecessary, non-functional decor.