Beta‐Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Levels and the Likelihood of Ectopic Pregnancy in Emergency Department Patients with Abdominal Pain or Vaginal Bleeding

AbstractStrategies for diagnosing ectopic pregnancy that defer endovaginal ultrasound in women with suggestive symptoms and serum beta‐human chorionic gonadotropin (β‐hCG) levels less than 1,500 mIU/mL ignore the increased risk of ectopic pregnancy in these patients. Objective: To quantify this increased risk by establishing and comparing the β‐hCG distributions of symptomatic women with ectopic pregnancies, abnormal intrauterine pregnancies, and normal intrauterine pregnancies. Methods: The authors reviewed the records of a cohort of women who visited an urban emergency department (ED) during a 34‐month period with abdominal pain or vaginal bleeding and non‐zero quantitative β‐hCG levels. Explicit criteria were used to determine whether the pregnancy ultimately turned out to be intrauterine and normal, intrauterine and abnormal, or ectopic. Probability distributions were compared using frequency distributions, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and likelihood ratios. Results: Of 730 ED patients included in the analysis, 96 (13%) had ectopic pregnancies, 253 (35%) had abnormal intrauterine pregnancies, and 381 (52%) had normal intrauterine pregnancies. The β‐hCG distributions of patients with ectopic pregnancies and abnormal intrauterine pregnancies were similar and much lower than the β‐hCG distribution of patients with normal intrauterine pregnancies. A β‐hCG level less than 1,500 mIU/mL more than doubled the odds of ectopic pregnancy (likelihood ratio = 2.24). Of the 158 patients with β‐hCG below 1,500 mIU/mL, 40 (25%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 19% to 32%) had ectopic pregnancies, and only 25 (16%; CI = 11% to 22%) had normal intrauterine pregnancies. Conclusions: In women with pain or bleeding and serum β‐hCG levels less than 1,500 mIU/mL, the risk of ectopic pregnancy is substantially increased, while the likelihood of normal intrauterine pregnancy is low.