THEORETICAL AND METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO THE RESEARCH OF SOCIAL COHESION: AN ANALYTICAL REVIEW

The scientific review article offers a comprehensive theoretical analysis of social cohesion as a strategic resource for the development of society in the context of modern transformations. Based on an interdisciplinary approach, the study examines the evolution of the concept of cohesion and its methodological interpretations in sociology, philosophy, political science and social theory. The study systematizes key theoretical foundations: classical functionalism, social capital theory, theories of social integration and inclusion, philosophical and value approaches, as well as critical and postmodern perspectives. The authors emphasize that social cohesion is not a spontaneous result of interpersonal interaction, but is the result of multidimensional social mechanisms that encompass normative, institutional and communicative dimensions. Cohesion arises through shared values, social trust, civic engagement, inclusiveness and tolerance for diversity, which reflects the balance between individual autonomy and collective unity. Classical functionalism (E. Durkheim, T. Parsons) views cohesion as social stability, supported by shared norms and values. Social capital theory (P. Bourdieu, J. Coleman, R. Putnam) conceptualizes social ties as resources that facilitate cooperation and trust. Integrative and inclusive approaches emphasize equal access to social resources, while philosophical and axiological perspectives interpret cohesion as a moral and spiritual unity based on justice, solidarity, and shared ethical principles. Critical theory (J. Habermas, Frankfurt School) views cohesion as a product of rational discourse and the pursuit of equality, while postmodern thought (Z. Bauman, J.-F. Lyotard) emphasizes its fluid, pluralistic, and networked nature in a globalized world. The study concludes that strengthening social cohesion is essential for Ukraine’s post-war reconstruction, democratic stability, and building an inclusive society. This requires institutional reforms, educational strategies, civic initiatives, and the development of empirical indicators adapted to the Ukrainian context. The article lays a theoretical foundation for future empirical research, offering conceptual and methodological recommendations for measuring and strengthening social cohesion as a fundamental factor for sustainable social development.