Regeneration, Population Structure, and Frankincense Yield Trends of Boswellia papyrifera (Del.) in Northwestern Ethiopia

The study evaluated the forest structure, regeneration condition, and trends in frankincense yield of Boswellia papyrifera in the Genet and Bokotabo forests of northwestern Ethiopia. The study collected data from 158 plots that were systematically laid out along the four transect lines. The study recorded diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, basal area, tree density, regeneration type (seedlings, saplings, mature trees), household surveys of 388 respondents, and focus group discussions to determine anthropogenic impacts and trends in frankincense yield from 2018 to 2024.The study indicated that the forest structure of the Genet forest had a reverse J-shaped diameter distribution, higher basal area (18.4 m²/ha), higher tree density (162 trees/ha), and higher regeneration of seedlings and saplings.In contrast, the Bokotabo forest exhibited fewer individuals in lower diameter classes, lower basal area (15.7 m2/ha), and tree density (148 trees/ha), with mature trees dominating, suggesting weak to moderate regeneration. An independent t-test found significant differences in DBH (p = 0.03) and tree density (p = 0.01) between the forests, although differences in tree height were not significant (p = 0.08). The principal disturbances recorded included over-tapping (31%), agricultural development (28%), and fire (25%), which have resulted in limited recruitment in the Bokotabo forest. Frankincense production trends from 2016 to 2021 indicated an overall drop, particularly in white frankincense.The findings underscore the need to take management interventions that will bring balance to the structure and make regeneration sustainable. This will include avoiding interference by humans or cattle, encouraging natural regeneration, enrichment planting, and creating awareness among people. The Genet forest is relatively stable and productive, but the Bokotabo forest needs urgent management attention to prevent degradation.