Boko Haram's use of child soldiers in Nigeria: An international relations perspective on child recruitment, and UNICEF's contribution for child protection

Background: This study, through the lens of International Relations (IR) theory, examines the patterns of Boko Haram's use of child soldiers in Nigeria, and the role of UNICEF in child protection. Boko Haram, the jihadist terrorist organization which is predominantly active in northeastern Nigeria, recruiting and using children as combatants, suicide bombers, human shield, and operation associates for the organization's deplorable atrocities has been a major concern in child protection. Method: The usage of children in armed conflicts is an internationally recognized war crime, particularly in reference to human rights. Thus, the research investigates the strategic tactics employed by Boko Haram to recruit children. Some of the well-known tactics are, ideological indoctrination, exploitation of poverty, and capitalization on weak governance. In parallel, the study analyses the long-term and devastating consequences for affected children, such as severe physical and psychological trauma from witnessing and participating in violence, loss of education, and confrontation of stigma and rejection from their communities once escape or rescued from Boko Haram. The research also observes how UNICEF could implement practical, effective, and strategic initiatives to protect children from recruitment, and to provide alternative pathways for children affected by the conflict to rehabilitate and reintegrate into the community, while acknowledging the limitations and challenges when implementing them in highly volatile environments. The research utilizes qualitative analysis of various secondary sources such as reports from international organizations, and journal articles, in order to explore pragmatic measures to ensure children's protection at the face of Boko Haram's engagements. Conclusion: The study seeks to integrate theoretical and conceptual frameworks in IR, particularly the theory of Neoliberal Institutionalism, and concepts of violence, backed by empirical evidence, in order to examine the dynamics of Boko Haram's child soldier recruitment, and offer policy recommendations for more effective child protection strategies.